The Origin Of Anatomically Modern Essay Example for Free

The Origin Of Anatomically Modern Essay Introduction The origin of modern humans and the fate of the Neanderthals are two of the most hotly debated topics in paleoanthropologist   Recent fossil finds new information from the field of molecular genetics that led to a re-evaluation of the question of the origin of the modern human beings. Where, when and how did modern human beings first appear? These critical questions have engaged anthropologists since the birth of their science. In last several decades paleoanthropologists have concentrated in solving the problems of Plea- Pleistocene origins of our genus, Homo. Interest in this issue remains passionate, but we have grown to understand that the origin of our species, Homo sapiens, is the outcome of an equally interesting and complete set of evolutionary factors.   Origin of Homo Sapiens and the Fate of Neanderthals   Neanderthal refers to a group of morphologically distinct human fossils. It is found throughout Western Eurasia way back ca. 130,000-30,000 BP. They evolved in Europe from Homo heidelbergensis populations, such as those from Sima de los Huesos in Atapuerca, Spain, Steinheim in Germany and Petralona in Greece. The primary Neanderthal fossils of the Levant come from the cave sites of Tabun, Amud, Kebara, and Dederiyeh, as well as Shanidar Cave in northern Iraq. Neanderthals physically were ruggedly built, with thick chests and relatively short limbs, a body shape today found among arctic populations. The modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens primarily in East Africa.   A 195,000 year old fossil from the site in Ethiopia shows the beginnings of the skull changes that we associate with modern people, including a rounded skull case and possibly a projecting chin. A 160,000 year old skull from the Herto site in the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia also seems to be at the early stages of this evolution.   It had the rounded skull case but retained the large brow ridges of archaic Homo sapiens.   Somewhat more advanced intermediary forms have been found at Laetoli in Tanzania dating to about 120,000 years ago.   By 115,000 years ago, early modern humans had expanded their range to South Africa and into Southwest Asia shortly after 100,000 years ago.   Evidently, they did not appear elsewhere in the Old World until 60,000-40,000 years ago.   This was during a short temperate period in the midst of the last ice age.   The Fossil and Genetic study of Homo Sapiens and Fate of Neanderthal   At present the only way of studying ancient ancestors was through old fossils and stone tools. As we go back further in time fossils become rarer. Of the billions of people who lived before the invention of agriculture only the fossilized remains of a few hundred have been found. In the absence of fossils, human DNA that transmits genetic information from one generation to the next has proved to be a valuable tool in recording the evolution of the human species. Two pieces of the human genome are particularly useful in discovering human history. One is the Mitochondrial DNA and the other is the Y chromosome. These are the only two parts of the genome that are not interchanged about by the evolutionary mechanisms designed to generate diversity with each generation. Hence the Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome are passed down generation to generation intact. Studies of modern DNA, especially mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which occurs only in the cellular organelles called mitochondria, reveal that humans are amazingly homogeneous, with rather little genetic variation.   In fact, there is significantly more genetic variation between two individual chimpanzees drawn from the same population than there is between two humans drawn randomly from a single population. Until recently, the Levant was seen as furnishing the strongest evidence for a biocultural transition between the Neanderthals and early modern human populations. In the mid-1980s, geophysicists had developed several methods, thermoluminescence, electron-spin resonance, and uranium-series, for dating sites older than 40,000 BP that provided revolutionary results. While estimated ages for the Levantine Neanderthals were broadly comparable to those from Europe, between 65,000-47,000 BP, the new dating methods showed that the early modern humans from Skhul and Qafzeh date to 130,000-80,000 BP, older than the Neanderthals who were supposedly their ancestors (Valladas et al. 1998). Minimally, these new dates call for a reinterpretation of Neanderthal vs. early modern human biological and behavioral contrasts. Overview from the revolution of Homo sapiens and the Fate of Neanderthal The evolution of these two hotly debated topics in paleoanthropologists was basically about to, when and where they lived, their physical appearance, their way of living and to whom they originated. According to paleoanthropologists and some people who showed interest in studying those ancient people is that Neanderthals lived in Europe while the coming of modern man or the Homo sapiens was essentially compared to Asian people. There are many similarities in the Neanderthals’ and early modern humans’ according to archaeological records. Both lived in similar Mediterranean woodland habitats and occupied Kars tic caves. Both hunted and gathered the same range of animal species. Such similarities are to be expected between closely related hominids, but they do not necessarily imply a close social or cultural relationship. Instead, evidence for evolutionarily significant behavioral differences between Neanderthals and early modern humans is likely to be delicate, reflected in the different strategies these humans used to realize their settlement, survival, and social goals. The specific topic they end up of arguments was about their physical appearance in which each of them was distinguish by a unique set of anatomical features. The Neanderthals are characterized with a large, long, low cranial vault with a well-developed double-arched brow ridge. a massive facial skeleton with a very projecting mid-face, backward sloping cheeks, and large nasal aperture, with large nasal sinuses an oddly shaped occipital region of the skull with a bulge or bun molars with enlarged pulp chambers, and large, often very heavily worn incisors a mandible lacking a chin and possessing a large gap behind the last molar  . While the Homo sapiens were a cranial vault with a vertical forehead, rounded occipital and reduced brow ridge, a reduced facial skeleton lacking a projecting mid-face  a lower jaw sporting a chin, a more modern, less robustly built skeleton. These two descriptions gave much idea on how they differ each other. Are we genetically different from our Homo sapiens ancestors who lived 10-20,000 years ago?   The answer is almost certainly yes.   In fact, it is very likely that the rate of evolutionary change for our species has continuously accelerated since the end of the last ice age, roughly 10,000 years ago.  The evidence for a biocultural transition between the Neanderthals and early modern human populations they creatively construct social and cultural identities that transcend actual biological kinship (Wobst 1977). The best-documented early examples of symbolic artifacts are bone, ivory and stone beads from â€Å"Aurignacian†.   This is mostly due to the fact that our human population has deliberately grown and moved into new kinds of environments, including cities.   This has exerted strong selection for individuals who were fortunate to have immune systems that allowed them to survive.   We have been exposed to new kinds of environmental pollution that can cause increased mutation rates. There has been a marked change in diet for most people around the globe to one that is less varied and now predominantly vegetarian with a heavy dependence on foods made from cereal grains.   It is not entirely clear what all of the consequences of these environmental and behavioral changes have been.   However, it does appear that the average human body size has become somewhat shorter over the last 10,000 years. Finally, can we say what direction human evolution will take in the future?   This is a captivating question to consider but impossible to answer because of innumerable unknown factors.   Though, it is certain that we will continue to evolve until we reach the point of realizing factored that could possibly affect our lives. Bibliography Aiello, L.C. The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa: A revised view. In American Anthropologist, 1993. vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 73-96. Bar-Yosef, O. 1995. â€Å"Modern Human Origins and Neanderthal Extinctions in the Levant   ,† Athena Publications, Inc.( 2001). Accessed September 27, 2007 http://www.athenapub.com/8shea1.htm   â€Å"Early Modern Homo Sapiens.† Dennis ONeil (2007). Accessed September 27, 2007   Ã‚   http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_4.htm â€Å"Homo Sapiens.† Smithsonian Institution (2000). Accessed September 27, 2007 http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm Johanson, Donald. â€Å"Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?† American Institute of Biological Sciences (2001). Accessed September 27, 2007 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html Kreger, David C. Homo sapiens.† Archaeologist .com (2005). Accessed September 27, 2007 http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homosapiens.htm -2005    McBrearty, Sally. â€Å"The Origin of Modern Humans.† JSTOR (2007). Accessed September 27, 2007 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-1496%28199003%292%3A25%3A1%3C129%3ATOOMH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Wsize=LARGEorigin=JSTOR-enlargePage ArchaeologyInfo.com All Rights Reserved â€Å"Recent single origin hypothesis.† Wikimedia Foundation, Inc (2007). Accessed September 27, 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Africa_theory

A Comparison of Second Coming and World Is Too Much with Us :: comparison compare contrast essays

Ability to Foresee The Future  in  Second Coming and  World Is Too Much with Us The world is changing and evolving at an astounding rate. Within the last one hundred years, the Western community has seen advances in technology and medicine that has improved the lifestyles and longevity of almost every individual. Within the last two hundred years, we have seen two World Wars, and countless disputes over false borders created by colonialists, slavery, and every horrid form of human suffering imaginable! Human lifestyles and cultures are changing every minute. While our grandparents and ancestors were growing-up, do you think that they ever imagined the world we live in today? What is to come is almost inconceivable to us now. In this world, the only thing we can be sure of is that everything will change. With all of these transformations happening, it is a wonder that a great poet may write words over one hundred years ago, that are still relevant in today’s modern world. It is also remarkable that their written words can tell us more about our present, th an they did about our past. Is it just an illusion that our world is evolving, or do these great poets have the power to see into the future? In this brief essay, I will investigate the immortal characteristics of poetry written between 1794 and 1919. And, I will show that these classical poems can actually hold more relevance today, than they did in the year they were written. Along the way, we will pay close attention to the style of the poetry, and the strength of words and symbols used to intensify the poets’ revelations.   The World Is Too Much with Us, written by William Wordsworth in 1807 is a warning to his generation, that they are losing sight of what is truly important in this world: nature and God. To some, they are one in the same. As if lacking appreciation for the natural gifts of God is not sin enough, we add to it the insult of pride for our rape of His land. Wordsworth makes this poetic message immortal with his powerful and emotional words. Let us study his powerful style: The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! (Lines 1 - 4) Materialism, wasteful selfishness, prostitution! These are the images that these lines bring to me! Yet, is it not more true today than in Wordsworth’s time, that we are a culture of people who simply consume and waste?

E-marketing Test Paper

Multiple Choice1. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in which of the following ways? a. increases efficiency of traditional marketing functions b. technologically transforms marketing strategies c. marginalizes customer value but increases profitability d. both A and B (d; Moderate; LO2; Use of Information Technology)2. ________ is the subset of e-business focused on transactions that include buying/selling, digital value creation, and virtual marketplaces. a. E-commerce b. E-marketing c. Digital technology d. ESP (a; Easy; LO2; Use of Information Technology)3. Convenient, quick access to digital information has the ability to transform all of the following except ________. a. individuals b. ecosystems c. societies d. businesses (a; Easy; LO1; Use of Information Technology)4. The internet consists of all of the following except ________. a. computers with data b. users who send and receive data files, such as e-mail and text messages c. a technology infrastructure to create, m ove, share, and consume content d. a central mainframe (d; Moderate; LO1; Use of Information Technology)5. Data, such as digital coupons or customer complaints, exchanged between  companies and consumers typically travel via _____, while off-line electronic data collection, such as bar code scanners or databases, shared internally within an organization, travel via ________. a. internet; intranet b. extranet; internet c. extranet; intranet d. the Web; the social network (a; Moderate; LO1; Use of Information Technology)6. All of the following e-marketing technologies exist without the World Wide Web, except ________. a. electronic data interchange b. email c. text messaging d. hypertext navigation (a; Difficult; LO1; Use of Information Technology)7. In its technical performance, the internet supports the following roles except ________. a. human users and computers that access content and send e-mail b. technology infrastructure to move, create, and view content c. content provider s that create information, entertainment, and so forth d. none; all of the above roles are supported by the internet. (d; Moderate; LO4; Use of Information Technology)8. The internet can deliver content to all the following except _________. a. televisions sets b. refrigerators c. video cassette recorders d. automobiles (c ; Easy; LO4; Use of Information Technology)9. According to the text, ________ is the region with largest percentage of internet users. a. Africa b. Asia c. North America d. Europe (b; Moderate; LO5; Multicultural and Diversity Understanding)10. Which of the following outcomes has been cited as a negative one in terms of the world becoming a globally networked world? a. growing class divisions due to digital divide b. removing cultural differences c. efficient markets driven by more workaholism d. all of the above (d; Difficult; LO5; Analytic Skills)11. During the â€Å"first wave of internet disruption† companies essentially offered _________. a. high-end p roducts for mass markets b. tangible products that can be compared easily and purchased at relatively low prices c. commodities available in bulk quantity d. real estate (b; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)12. In the era of the Plateau of Profitability, marketers focused more deliberately on _________. a. their traditional return-on-performance roots and well-grounded strategies b. diversified unique product mixes c. disintermediation of the marketing channel d. product benefits (a; Difficult; p. 11; LO5; Analytic Skills)13. Charles Schwab pitted their online business vs. their established brick and mortar business. Which of the following is not a result of this competition? a. faster growing accounts and assets b. lower prices c. more sales of treasury bonds and less sales of private securities d. incorporation of successful e-marketing strategies (c; Difficult; LO1; Analytic Skills)14. Internet properties, or characteristics, that impact marketing include________. a. global reach b . market deconstruction c. scalable capacity d. all of the above (d; Easy; LO1; Use of Information Technology)15. As consumers become more demanding the internet is a good way to deliver customer value because ________. a. most products on the internet are less expensive than on other marketing channels b. broadband allows marketers to put more cookies on computers c. marketers can send digital coupons to millions of customers instantly d. customers gain ability to create, share, and access information and entertainment at will (d; Moderate; LO3; Reflective Thinking Skills)16. According to the text, ________ predicted that the ‘e’ would drop from e-marketing, suggesting that traditional marketing would evolve and integrate e-marketing principles and practices. a. Levitt Inc. b. Friedman Inc. c. Gartner Inc. d. Jones Inc. (c; Moderate; LO5; Use of Information Technology)17. ________ is leading to a large increase in wireless networks. a. Integration of information techno logy and personal digital assistants (PDA’s) b. Acceptance and usage of mobile phones and other devices by individuals worldwide c. The World Wide Web d. Increasing adoption of high bandwidth (b; Moderate; LO4; Use of Information Technology)18. The internet has the power to do all of the following except ________. a. create global communities based on interests b. decrease cultural and language differences c. prevent the upward mobility of people and countries at lower socioeconomic levels d. discourage workaholism (d; Moderate; LO1; Use of Information Technology)19. Following the boom and bust of the first wave of the internet era, industrialized countries entered the ________. a. boom b. bust c. trough of disillusion d. plateau of profitability (d; Difficult; LO5; Analytic Skills)20. ________ are specific measures designed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the e-business and e-marketing operations. a. Segmentation variables b. Metrics c. Bench systems d. Site stickiness (b; Easy; LO2; Analytic Skills)True/False21. Individuals can be both users and content providers on the internet. a. True b. False (a; Moderate; LO1; Use of Information Technology)22. According to the text, nowadays the internet should be regarded more as a channel than a place. a. True b. False (b; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)23. E-marketing refers to the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. a. True b. False (a; Moderate; LO2; Use of Information Technology)24. The internet provides individual users abilities to access information, entertainment, and communication. a. True b. False (a; Easy; LO4; Use of Information Technology)25. The term blog refers to online diaries, or journals, that are updated and shared on Web pages. a. True b. False (a; Moderate; LO4; Use of Information Technology)26. More than 40 percent of global internet users are based in Asia. a. True b. False (a; Difficult; LO5; Multicultural and Diversity Understanding)27. Un solicited communications, such as spam, represent a threat to the positive impact of e-marketing practices. a. True b. False (a; Moderate; LO1; Use of Information Technology)28. Electronic marketing relies exclusively upon web-based technology. a. True b. False (b; Difficult; LO5; Use of Information Technology)29. The internet has shifted the balance of power from sellers to buyers. a. True b. False (a; Easy; LO3; Reflective Thinking Skills)30. Gartner Inc. forecasted that the ‘e’ in e-business and e-marketing will eventually be dropped, as electronic practices become more standard. a. True b. False (a; Moderate; LO5; Analytic Skills)31. The internet is largely the product of ARPANET, a project commissioned by the United States’ Department of Defense. a. True b. False (a; Difficult; LO5; Use of Information Technology)32. Co-creation occurs when consumers /users help marketers develop products or promotional materials. a. True b. False (a; Easy; LO3; Reflective Th inking Skills)Essay Questions33. What is the difference between the internet, an extranet and an intranet?The internet is a global network of interconnected computers. Access to the internet is very broad and open. An extranet is two or more proprietary or company owned networks that are joined to share information. Access to this network is limited. An intranet is an internal network for a company that uses internet standards. Access is limited to internal company use only. (Easy; LO1; Use of Information Technology)34. What is a content provider on the internet?Content providers are individuals and organizations that create digital text, video, audio, and graphics to be sent over the internet to users who receive it as information, entertainment or communications.(Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)35. Define what community means for the internet and give examples.Communities for the internet are groups of users who come together to share information, hold discussions and exchange data . Examples include blogs or web logs, auctions, and peer-to peer networking. (Easy; LO1; Analytic Skills)36. Concerning internet usage, what is the digital divide?Internet adoption is affected by money, literacy, and education. This creates a divide between those who have access to the internet and those who don’t. It impairs the upward mobility of those on the lower socioeconomic level, who don’t have access to the internet and the information that comes with it. This impacts individuals on the lower socioeconomic levels and those living in less developed countries. (Moderate; LO5; Reflective Thinking Skills)37. Why did some manufacturers such as Levis stop selling on the internet?Channel Conflict with retail accounts Cannibalization Inefficiency (Moderate; LO1; Analytic Skills)38. The strength of the internet has affected traditional marketing in several ways. List five of them and how they affected marketing.Power shift from sellers to buyers (focus on customer rela tionship management) Market Fragmentation (more focus on small target markets and 1 to 1 marketing) Death of distance or geographic location affect (less focus on place for marketing) Time Compression (24/7 availability)Knowledge management is key (Track results in real time and focus on database analysis) Interdisciplinary focus (Marketers must understand technology and use it wisely) Intellectual Capital rules (focus on creativity and imagination) (Difficult; LO5; Reflective Thinking Skills)39. Marketers face new challenges with the advent of streaming, on-demand, and other digital video recorders. What is the main challenge and what have companies like TIVO or Hulu done to alleviate some of the concerns of marketers?The main challenge is the ability of consumers to speed through and skip commercials that advertisers have paid for based on their ability to communicate with consumers. TIVO (Hulu) has setup content with advertising included that viewers can watch at their leisure an d TIVO (Hulu) can provide specific metrics to the advertisers on these programs. (Difficult; LO4; Reflective Thinking Skills)

The And The Pagan Gods - 958 Words

I will argue that in the writings of the Stoics in AfewbriefexcerptsfromstoicpoetsAdams and the Aeneid; the pagan gods represent our theistic God. I find parallels in their pagan observations about their â€Å"gods† and the powers of our theistic God. Let me explain, often times people need something that can explain what is happening in their lives. As well as something to give them hope. Many of the gods in those days had power over one thing, it almost sounded as though they were personified objects or feelings. God, as we believe, is all powerful and can change things we cannot. People saw separate gods not realizing that it was one, singular, God. However, not all of what people saw and believed to be gods can be considered to come from our God. There are many feelings and emotions that are of the flesh and they attributed to a god since they had no way of explaining it. In the Aeneid there are many gods mentioned. Gods such as Venus the goddess of love, Neptune the god of the sea, Aeolus the god of the winds, and Jupiter the king of the gods. These gods each had one main thing they had power over. They could control the wind, sea, and even love. Then there is Jupiter who has the power to tell the other gods what to do. In the Aeneid there is a man named Aeneas, he is traveling to Italy by order of the god Jupiter after being defeated in the Trojan war. The Aeneid is the story of that journey and the gods are a big part of that journey. Within Aeneas’ story, the goddessShow MoreRelatedImmorality Of The Pagan Gods And Goddesses Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesGundry (2012 p. 62) writes, â€Å"Every conceivable kind of immorality was attributed to the pagan gods and goddesses. 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